Time Travel to Ancient Egypt

This December I traveled back in time several thousand years to ancient Egypt. Since childhood, I’d always been interested in ancient Egyptian civilization. In fact, when I went off to college, I intended to become an archaeologist. Somehow, I got sidetracked into various other careers and now, in my mid-70s, I was finally able to fulfill my dream of seeing the pyramids and the treasures of the pharaohs. 

As usual, prior to the trip (a 15-day OAT adventure called Ancient Egypt and the Eternal Nile), I did a lot of preparation. It took a while, which is not surprising considering the 5000 years of Egyptian history I tried to cover. To learn about ancient Egypt, I spent several weeks listening to a series of 48 half-hour lectures on the subject from The Great Courses. By the time I left on my trip, my brain was full of facts and stories about Egyptian religion and practices (mummification, for example) as well as dates, events, and names of pharaohs, gods, and goddesses. A friend even gave me a quick lesson in deciphering hieroglyphs. For more recent history (the past 2000 years), I only had time for some cursory reading. 

I hope you find the following summary of Egyptian history to be helpful as you follow my adventures in the coming posts about my trip. (I apologize in advance if there are any factual errors in the information below.) Keep in mind that the since the Nile River flows from south to north into the Mediterranean Sea, Upper Egypt is in the south and Lower Egypt is in the north.

 

Civilization began in Upper and Lower Egypt around 6000 years ago, i.e. 4000 BCE. In 3150 BCE, King Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom. The early pharaohs ruled from Memphis (12 miles south of Cairo). They identified with the sun god, Ra. 

 

The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BCE) was a time of peace and prosperity. It was the age of pyramid building, thanks to innovative architect Imhotep. Important pharaohs from this period include Djoser (3^rd dynasty) who built the step pyramid at Saqqara; Khufu (4^th dynasty), who built the Great Pyramid at Giza; and Khufu’s son, Khafre, who built the Great Sphinx at Giza.

 

The First Intermediate Period, a time of drought and internal conflict of warring states, began around 2200 BCE and lasted about 150 years. 

 

The Middle Kingdom began when the ruler of Thebes (in Upper Egypt) reunited Egypt in 2100 BCE. Peace and prosperity lasted about 300 years. This period was marked by the construction of irrigation canals; trade and commerce by ship; and the building of the temple to the god Amun at Karnak. 

 

The Second Intermediate Period began when the Hyksos people invaded from the north in 1800 BCE and occupied Lower Egypt. The capital was moved from Memphis (Lower Egypt) to Thebes (Upper Egypt). The Hyksos were defeated and expelled in 1570 BCE by an army from Upper Egypt.  

 

During the New Kingdom (c. 1550-1070 BCE), Egypt expanded into an empire through conquests from Syria to Upper Nubia.  Pharaohs from dynasties 18-20 include the female pharaoh Hatshepsut (late 1400s BCE); Amenhotep III (mid-late 1300s BCE); Akhenaten, with his radical ideas about religion; the boy pharaoh Tutankhamen (early 1300s BCE); and Ramesses II (aka Ramesses the Great). The exodus of the Israelites from Egypt probably took place during the reign of the pharaoh Merneptah, son of Ramesses II. During the New Kingdom, pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings. 

 

As the New Kingdom declined, Egypt was ruled by priest-kings from 1100-945 BCE. For the next few centuries, Egypt fell under the rule of the neighboring Libyans and then by the neighboring Nubians (from Kush, in modern-day Sudan). 

 

The victory of Achaemenid king Darius over the Egyptians in 525 BCE ushered in two lengthy periods of Persian rule, interrupted by the brief reign of Nectanebo, the last native Egyptian ruler. Persian rule lasted until 332 BCE, when Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and appointed his Macedonian Greek general Ptolemy to take control of Egypt. 

 

During the Greco-Roman Period, the new city of Alexandria became the capital of Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty ruled as pharaohs. The Greek language and Hellenistic culture dominated Egypt. The Romans sought control of Egypt during the reign of Cleopatra VII, the last Ptolemaic ruler. Unable to overcome Roman military power, Cleopatra VII committed suicide in 30 BCE and Egypt was forced to become a Roman province. This is considered the end of ancient Egyptian civilization. 

 

Following the Roman conquest, Alexandria remained an important Greek-speaking center of trade, scholarship, science, and technology. Christianity reached Egypt in the 1^st century CE and gradually expanded, especially after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the 4^th century. The Egyptian Coptic Church was established in 451 CE. 

 

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Egypt became part of the Eastern (Byzantine) Roman world. This lasted until Arab Muslims conquered Egypt in the mid-7^th century. With Egypt part of the Islamic Empire, many Egyptians became (Sunni) Muslims. In the centuries following the Arab conquest, Egypt came under the control of various Islamic rulers (the Fatimids, Ayyubids, and Mamluks). 

 

In 1517, the Ottoman Turks (also Muslims) conquered Egypt. Although Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire, its rulers had a fair amount of autonomy. Economic and social conditions gradually deteriorated as the Ottoman Empire weakened over the centuries. The French, under Napoleon, invaded Egypt in 1798, but were expelled three years later by a combined Ottoman, Mamluk, and British force. In 1805, the Ottomans named the Albanian Muhammad Ali as viceroy in charge of Egypt. Under Muhammad Ali and his successors, cotton was introduced as a cash crop and Egypt began to modernize. The Suez Canal opened in 1869. 

 

European countries exerted increasing influence over Egypt in the 19^th century as Ottoman power declined. While the dynasty established by Muhammad Ali remained at the head of the government, the British took indirect control of the country starting in 1882 when they defeated the Egyptian army. At the start of World War I in 1914, Britain officially declared a protectorate over Egypt. 

 

In 1922, Britain granted “independence” to Egypt while retaining control of the Suez Canal and maintaining a military presence. The head of the dynasty established by Muhammad Ali became the king. Six years later, the Muslim Brotherhood was founded to resist British domination. British occupation lasted until the monarchy was overthrown in 1952. When Nasser became president in 1956, he nationalized the Suez Canal. A lot has happened in Egypt since then, but I think you’re ready now to join me on a trip back in time to ancient Egypt. See you there soon!

Farewell to Scotland

My final full day in Edinburgh began with a short tram ride for a group visit to the royal yacht HMY Brittania. It was used by the royal family from 1954 to 1997, when it was decommissioned. The Brittania is now permanently docked at the Ocean Terminal in Edinburgh’s port of Leith, which flows into the Firth of Forth. It has become a very popular tourist attraction. 

 

Here are some statistics: length 412 feet; width 55 feet; 3 masts; main mast 139 feet; maximum speed 22.5 knots. Given the size of the yacht and the facilities on board, it’s not surprising that it required a huge staff. In addition to 20 officers of the Royal Navy, there were 220 yachtsmen, including the Royal Marine Band. (Doesn’t everyone travel with their own band???) 

 

Using audio guides, we toured several decks of the yacht. It seemed to be a floating hotel or palace. In addition to all the meal preparation and food storage areas, there was a full-scale laundry and a hospital. The queen’s bedroom and family sitting room weren’t particularly impressive but the formal dining room certainly was. 

They even kept a Rolls Royce, similar to this one, on board.

 

There was a strongly defined hierarchy on the yacht, with well-appointed special lounges for the officers. While their sleeping quarters didn’t include private bathrooms, at least they had a little more space than the non-commissioned officers and other crew members, whose sleeping accommodations consisted of folding bunks and were extremely cramped.

 

I learned that every item on the yacht is cleaned and polished daily. In addition, when the yacht was in use, there were daily security checks, both on board and underwater. Divers would scour the floor of the harbor where the yacht was docked. 

 

While I was on the Brittania, I stopped in its tea room for a pot of jasmine tea and a fruit scone with clotted cream and strawberry preserves.

 

After visiting the yacht, I was on my own for the remainder of the day until our farewell dinner. I took the tram back to Princes Street in the New Town. The weather was perfect for strolling around the city. The tall tower, nicknamed the Gothic Rocket, is the monument to Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott. His highly romantic novels, written in the early 1800s, are credited with popularizing Scotland as a tourist destination.

So many people were out enjoying the sprawling lawns of the Princes Street Gardens on this sunny afternoon.

 

There were great views as I walked beside the gardens on a steep hill called The Mound. The green dome belongs to the West Register House in Charlotte Square.

 

I easily found the Scottish National Galleries, the art museum I’d looked for the previous day. I had a chance to see the work of a group of artists known as the Glasgow Boys. Their work, from 1880 to 1900, represents the beginning of modernism in Scottish art. Primary influences on their work were French realism, Japanese prints, and James McNeill Whistler. One of the most well-known Glasgow Boys was James Guthrie, whose work is pictured below. 

 

William McTaggart painted a sea and landscape showing the arrival of the Irish monk Columba on Scottish shores, a historical event from the 6^th century.

 

The galleries introduced me to the exciting work of the Scottish Colourists, who were active during the Art Nouveau period. Robert Burns (not the poet), who painted The Hunt in 1926, was an interior designer as well as a painter.

 

I saw the work of Samuel John Peploe for the first time.

William Crozier’s 1927 painting of Edinburgh was inspired by Cubism.

One of the most interesting figures I learned about was artist-designer Phoebe Anna Traquair (1852-1936), one of the leading figures of the Arts and Crafts movement. Her work is associated with both Scottish Symbolism and the revival of interest in Celtic mythology and design. She was also influenced by the painting and poetry of William Blake and a group of 19^th century British artists called the pre-Raphaelites. The imagery in her 1904 painting, The Awakening, represents the awakening of the human spirit.

 

Traquair was an accomplished muralist, enameller, furniture decorator, and embroiderer as well as a painter. A keen observer of nature, she created a series of four embroidered panels called The Progress of a Soul. The rich colors and intricate needlework are breathtaking.

More familiar artists were also represented in the museum. Vincent van Gogh’s Orchard with Apricot Trees in Blossom was painted in 1888.

 

Claude Monet’s scene of poplar trees in Normandy, Poplars on the Epte, dates back to 1891.

 

John Singer Sargent achieved great success with this 1892-3 portrait of Gertrude Vernon, the British Lady Agnew. I’d long admired this painting and never realized it was in Edinburgh.

 

There were even paintings by three Renaissance masters: Leonardo da Vinci’s The Madonna of the Yarnwinder, painted in 1501; Sandro Botticelli’s The Virgin Adoring the Sleeping Christ Child from about 1485; and Raphael’s circular Holy Family with Palm Tree from 1506-7.

The final evening of my trip concluded with a farewell dinner that showcased the best of Scottish cuisine. I wish I had discovered the creamy smoked haddock and potato chowder called Cullen skink sooner. The pan-fried coley (known as pollock in the U.S.) was delicious, as was the crème brulée. 

OAT certainly knew what they were doing when they planned the itinerary for this Scottish adventure. From Glasgow to Edinburgh and all of the places in between, it brought together lively cities, beautiful countryside, fascinating history, and the vibrancy of life today. Stephen was a superb guide, and I thank my fellow travelers for sharing open minds and a contagious sense of fun. And special thank you to Marcin, who drove us safely throughout the trip and took this final photo of our group.

Scotland may not have been the most exotic of destinations, but it was full of unexpected delights. I would highly recommend it if you’re looking for a very interesting place where you can understand the language and drink the tap water.  

Finally, Edinburgh

I knew in advance that Edinburgh was going to be crowded. Stephen had mentioned to us that the two annual festivals that took place during the last three weeks of August drew a huge number of visitors to the city.  First, there was the International Festival, which presents the best in classical music, dance, opera, and theater. Simultaneously, Edinburgh hosts the Fringe, the world’s largest arts festival, where thousands of independent performers from across the globe appear in a variety of indoor and outdoor venues.

 

Despite Stephen’s warning, I wasn’t prepared for the constant crush of people when we reached Edinburgh late on a sunny Saturday afternoon. Imagine Times Square in New York on New Year’s Eve and you’ll get a rough idea of the what it was like. I just wanted to close my eyes and have all the people magically vanish into thin air. 

 

Our hotel was extremely well-located, on a wide open space called the Grassmarket, right in the midst of all the action in the Old Town. Through large windows facing the street, I could look out at Edinburgh Castle atop Castle Rock and the Saturday market below with its sprawling array of stands selling food, clothing, crafts, etc. People were sitting out at tables in front of the many restaurants and bars and the atmosphere was quite festive. 

We were also practically at the base of picturesque Victoria Street, the steep winding street lined with more restaurants, bars, shops of all kinds. It was just as crowded as, if not more crowded than, the Grassmarket.

 

Stephen led us to the top of Victoria Street, where we found ourselves at the Royal Mile, the main thoroughfare that extends from Edinburgh Castle all the way down through the Old Town to Holyrood House. As we worked our way through the crowds, he pointed out St. Giles Cathedral, also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh. I made a mental note to get back there at some point during our stay in the city.

 

It was a relief to briefly escape the crowds by stepping into the quiet of Roxburgh Court. The sculpture in the courtyard depicts Alexander the Great and his horse, Bucephalus. 

 

Back out on the Royal Mile, we entered Luckenbooth’s restaurant for a group dinner. Since our trip would soon be ending, I decided to try Irn-bru, Scotland’s second national beverage, whisky being the first. It’s a carbonated, caffeinated, sugary, vaguely fruit flavored soft drink. One sip was enough for me. A fellow traveler described it as the Scottish equivalent of Mountain Dew.

The meal itself was excellent. The main course of seared monkfish over saffron infused quinoa, and the dessert of cranachan, which features whipped cream, oats, fresh raspberries, and whisky, were both delicious and reminded me how good Scottish cuisine can be.

 

When we walked back down Victoria Street after dinner, the crowds were still milling around – not surprising, since it was Saturday night. Before I went to bed, I vowed to wake up early the next morning so I could get out and take some photos without random people.

 

Fortunately, the revelers seemed to sleep in on Sunday morning and I was able to take some photos of the neighborhood in the early morning light. 

 

On the façades of a few buildings on Victoria Street, I noticed references to J.K. Rowling and Harry Potter.

 

A couple of hours later, when our group set out on a guided tour of the city, the area was just beginning to stir. We headed first to Edinburgh’s New Town. Our local guide, Allan, explained that the Old Town, where we were staying, was a walled city with narrow streets dating back to the 1400s. He reminded us that Scotland had undergone profound changes after the battle of Culloden (1746) brought an end to the Highland way of life. By the mid-1700s, Scotland was part of the British Union. More people, especially people with money, wanted to make their homes in the Scottish capital but the Old Town was crowded and lacked even basic sanitation. At the same time, there was a strong desire to modernize Edinburgh so that it reflected the growing power of the British Empire. Thus, during the reign of King George III and Queen Charlotte, the New Town was born. 

 

We began our discoveries at Charlotte Square. The square is surrounded by a series of townhouses built in the distinctive architectural style of this period, which is not surprisingly called Georgian. If you’ve watched the Bridgerton series, which is set in the early 1800s, this Georgian architecture may look familiar.

There’s a gated private park in the center of Charlotte Square. Access is limited to residents of the surrounding townhouses that face the square. The equestrian statue in the park is the Albert Memorial, dedicated to Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. On a corner opposite the square, our guide pointed out the birthplace of Alexander Graham Bell.

The building with the columns and green copper dome is the oldest building on the square. Built in the early 1600s, it houses the National Records of Scotland.

 

Since no skyscrapers are allowed in the city center, New Town has retained much of its original character. From the square, we traveled down wide avenues where high-end shops and restaurants now occupy the golden sandstone buildings. Unfortunately, the sandstone has been stained by decades of soot from burning coal and other forms of pollution. 

 

From the New Town, we drove up to Calton Hill, the top of the extinct volcano on which Edinburgh is built. Looping around the hill, we made our way to the lower end of the Royal Mile, where Holyrood House is located. However, we didn’t have time to explore the former hunting lodge which is now used as a 276-room royal residence. We made a slow ascent of the Royal Mile, passing the 73 closes (narrow lanes) that run off the thoroughfare, until we reached Edinburgh Castle at the very top.

 

Being a Sunday in August, there were large crowds waiting to enter the castle.

The statues on either side of the gate are of two Scottish heroes: William Wallace, on the right;  and Robert Bruce, on the left.

 

The castle is actually a small walled village. After we entered through the main gateway, the Portcullis Gate, which dates back to 1574, we were on our own to explore.

 

I immediately headed to Crown Square, where I found the National War Memorial of the Scots in a building that resembled a church.

 

Also facing Crown Square is the Royal Palace. This was the residence of the Stewart kings and queens in the 1500s and 1600s. King James VI of Scotland (James I of Britain), daughter of Mary Queen of Scots, was born here in 1566. I can’t show you the lavishly decorated interior of the palace, or the jewel-encrusted Royal Crown of Scotland, because no photography was allowed. 

 

Back outdoors, I took a close look at the Forewall Battery. The defensive wall was built by King James V in 1544 along the lines of an earlier medieval line of defense. The artillery currently in place dates back to the early 19^th century.

There were great views of the city spread out below.

 

Not far from the battery, I noticed people gathered around a huge cannon. It was Mons Meg, a wrought iron gun made in Mons, Belgium in the 15^th century. In 1449, it was sent to King James II of Scotland as a wedding gift from the Duke of Burgundy when James married his great-niece.  With its 20-inch wide barrel, Mons Meg is the largest gun ever on British soil.

 

Also of note was St. Margaret’s Chapel, built by King David around 1130. It’s the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh. King David dedicated it to his mother, St. Margaret. She was a Saxon princess who fled to Scotland soon after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Four years later, she married the king of Scotland, Malcolm Canmore.

 

There was a lot more to see within the castle walls but there was also a lot to see outside the castle walls. Exiting the castle, I waded through throngs of people on my way down the Royal Mile. I was planning to walk to the National Galleries of Scotland, where I hoped to see some paintings by Scottish artists, but when my route brought me past the National Museum of Scotland, I decided to save the art museum for the following day. 

 

During the hour or so I spent in the museum, I learned a lot about Scottish history. I especially appreciated the map that showed the settlements of people speaking different languages in Scotland in the past. The languages were Norse, Pictish, Anglian, British, and Gaelic. You'll have to Zoom in to read it. 

 

The exhibits showcased some very interesting artifacts. The Pictish stone carving below, from circa 800 CE, shows a female aristocrat hunting. 

The Irish style gold collar dates back to the period between the 3^rd century BCE and 1^st century CE while the Irish style gilt brooch from the island of Mull has been dated to the 8^th century CE. 

 

This is a portion of a very large 9^th century defaced cross with a hunting scene and Pictish symbols on the back.  

The Queen Mary clarsach is a wire-strung harp, one of the oldest known examples of the type of instrument used by Gaels of Scotland and Ireland. It was made in the Highlands around 1450.

 

The Bute mazer is a 14^th century communal drinking cup, made of maplewood with a raised silver gilt disk on the inside. It was a symbol of power in medieval Scotland and the lion was a symbol of Scottish king Robert the Bruce.

 

I admired several oak carvings in Gothic and Scottish Renaissance style.

When I emerged from the museum, I headed back up the Royal Mile to St. Giles Cathedral. The interior was beautiful, but with all the people parading through, it was hard to feel like I was in a sacred space.

Scottish religious reformer John Knox

 

Before I went back to the hotel, I stopped for gelato at Mary’s Milk Bar on the Grassmarket where I waited in an outdoor queue for about 45 minutes before I could even step inside the shop – it’s that popular. The flavors change on a daily basis. Since I couldn’t limit myself to just one, I went ahead and spoiled my appetite for dinner by having two scoops. The first flavor was cherries and cream; the second was a combination of pistachios, walnuts, and baklava. The verdict? Definitely worth the wait, and a good prelude to my healthy dinner of salad with smoked salmon.

 

Only one more day of my Scottish adventure remained, and that will be the subject of my next post.